| 第一节 如何写 Conclusion 结论段Conclusion是整篇文章的最后一段，其主要作用（purpose）为：Give your reader a sense of completion—给人一种“结束了”的感觉。因此我们常常看到报纸、杂志文章的末段使用以下的过渡词： In conclusion, / To sum up, / All in all, / In summary, / On the whole, / By and large, / To summarize, / In brief, / In a word, / Above all, / In short, / …… 有些考生特别喜欢用To sum up, 或In summary, 但是这样的过渡词告诉人家你将采用归纳写法，其实他们接着采用别的写法凑了很多字，这是不对的。假如你觉得区分这些过渡词很麻烦，那就使用通用的‘In conclusion’。 Conclusion最实用的有四种写法： 1、 意义significance; 2、 建议suggestion； 3、 归纳summary。 4、 答题answer 四种写法中最容易写的是答题，最难写的是归纳。四种写法可以单独出现，也可以随意组合，亦即写完了意义写建议再写归纳并答题，也可以只写其中的一种。但有一点要特别注意的是议论文，假如在Introduction中没有直接答题，并在Body段中也没有答题，那么答题是Conclusion必须的组成部分，否则会被扣分。据笔者多年的雅思教学经验，很多中国学生没有直接答题的习惯，这点在写作和口语两种考试中都会吃亏。 下面我们分别来探讨这四种的具体写法。 （一）意义significance 意义说得不好听就叫做空话废话，或者就叫做喊口号，所以这种写法没有什么实质性内容，很容易扩展字数，笔者在下面提供几种“高级废话”的思路，希望读者只在万不得已的情况下才去使用，因为使用这种思路的人太多了，没有实力的考生反正“死猪不怕烫”，能凑点字数也不错；有实力的，就是说想考6分或以上的考生：慎用！一定要用，也得有所改动。 1、 In conclusion, everything existing in the world has both the positive side and the negative side. Most importantly, we ought to make use of the good, and at the same time keep aware of the bad. [题目主题] is no exception. 【中文译文：总之，世界存在之事物均有好的一面也有坏的一面。最重要的是：剔除其糟粕，吸取其精华。[题目主题]也不例外】 2、 All in all, human nature is pretty much the same. We had better follow it rather than go against it. [题目主题] may result in negative consequences, but more benefits can be brought to people’s daily lives. This is why [题目主题] is still widely used/ seen everywhere in the world despite strong opposition from the minority, because it meets our nature. 【总而言之， 人的天性都是基本相同的，最好我们顺其意而非逆其道。[题目主题]或许会导致弊端，毕竟人们受益更多。这就是[题目主题]虽遇少数人强烈反对却仍在世界各地广泛使用的原因所在，因为该事物符合我们的天性。】 3、 When we look back to the human history, we will clearly find that social progress has kept moving forward in spite of natural disasters or any other calamities. Therefore, I believe that as long as we hold an optimistic attitude and put practical plans into action will we be able to solve the problem(s) of [题目主题所涉及的问题]. 【当我们回顾人类历史，尽管有无数天灾人祸也阻止不了社会的进步。因此，我坚信，只要我们保持乐观，可行计划付诸行动，终究我们是能够解决问题的。】 （二）建议suggestion 笔者对一般考生（5分6分7分者）推荐使用建议的写法作为结论段。其实其原理非常简单，只要掌握其原理，你就可以按照自己的表达水平去正常发挥就行了。建议的写法应该说也是比较广的，要是没个范围也是挺麻烦的。这里给读者推荐两种比较常见的写法：speculations and solutions。Speculations就叫做预测未来发展趋势，这种写法在雅思阅读文章中的末段很常出现；solutions在议论文中常有指标性要求，前文中已明确指出在出现下列两种情况之一必须提出你的solutions： 第一， 题目对某problem（s）提出一个solution，而你却不同意； 第二， 题目的说法你同意了，但其含有negative side。 这些solutions可以放在Conclusion来写。对于B型题来说，solutions应放在Body段来写，利弊题还是按前文的推荐写法去实现。下面通过几道例题来说明议论文的建议性结论： 例题二十三 Nowadays， many people prefer to prepare home-made food. Others would rather choose to eat fast food. What are your opinions? Speculations的写法：In conclusion, fast food industry will be getting increasingly popular and healthiness will be more emphasized , which will, in turn, make fast food suppliers remove unhealthy cooking cuisines as much as possible and the environmental protection will also be a big concern. In a word, green fast foods will be gaining ground and people will tend to prepare home-made food only on weekends and holidays. 未来怎么发展？字数很容易拓展，你自己看着办吧。 Solutions 的写法要视具体Body段的内容才能提供，这种写法请读者参照范文， （三）归纳summary 归纳写法对于5分6分者来说有些难度，但对于7分8分者是必须的结论段写法。当然，我不是说不写归纳就肯定不能获得7分8分的，我的意思是：你既然想考高分，归纳是一个语言能力好坏的重要指标，你不在结论段展示你良好的归纳能力，难道你还需要凑点字数吗？笔者从没见过需要凑字数的7分8分获得者！下面通过例题来给期望考高分的考生解释如何写归纳。 例题二十三 Nowadays， many people prefer to prepare home-made food. Others would rather choose to eat fast food. What are your opinions? 前文的讨论中已经给出了几个main ideas。 我们就按照这几个main ideas 来探讨summary 的写法。 topic sentence1：Eating fast food is time-saving. topic sentence2: Eating home-made food is healthy. Summary的写法：To sum up, fast food provides diners with quickness whereas eating home-prepared food helps people with good health conditions. Personally, I would only choose to eat out when in a hurry, and as much as possible try self-made food because nothing is more important than keeping ourselves in good health. Summary的写法无法避免多次出现相同的ideas，所以应尽量采用多种不同的表达方式。它既检测你的多变表达能力，又展示你的中心思想归纳总结的素质。这也是一般考生比较难对付而高分追求者又必须越过的一个“坎”。 本书附录的范文多数包含这种写法，读者可以掂量掂量自己的归纳能力，看是否能在考试的状态下做到这一点。That will be more appreciated! （四）答题answer 答题的写法对于议论文来说是一种有效又简单的完成Conclusion的purpose的方法，不过对付讨论文和利弊题，最好不要用这种写法，因为它只是简单的答题。因此在这里我们只介绍议论文的这种写法。 In brief, the above discussion suggests/indicates that [用你的答题立场去回答] According to the examination above, we can draw a conclusion that[用你的答题立场去回答] In short, it is pretty easy for us to reach agreement: [用你的答题立场去回答] 现在我们来看看如何在C型题和D型题中使用这种简单的对策： 例题八：Children no longer have to go to school because they can receive education at home through the Internet, which provides a far wider range of information. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the above statement? Conclusion1: In brief, the above discussion indicates that children still need to go to school. 【同意题目问法】 Conclusion2: According to the examination above, we can draw a conclusion that children unnecessarily go to school.【反对题目问法】 Conclusion3: In short, it is pretty easy for us to reach agreement: whether children need to go to school or not depends on their own situations. 【站两边】 例题二十四 Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people. Others believe that the purpose of museums is to educate, not entertain. Discuss the both sides and offer your own opinion on it. Conclusion1: In brief, the above discussion suggests that museums should be more entertaining and less educative. 【同意第一个观点而反对第二个观点】 Conclusion2: According to the examination above, we can draw a conclusion that it is not necessary to make museums more entertaining. 【同意第二个观点而反对第一个观点】 Conclusion3: In short, it is pretty easy for us to reach agreement: museums should be both educative and entertaining. 【站两边】 从上面的举例分析中，我们可以很清楚地看到，在考试状态下有时间限制，一旦出现时间不够，比如说剩下一、二分钟时，而Task2的Body段还没写完，考生最好还是用答题作为Conclusion来确保文章的完整性，要知道，这时候你的脑子里一片空白，除了用自己的立场去rephrase the topic（半抄半想）之外，你还能做点什么？ |